Sacred Texts

Zoroastrian Tradition

The Avesta and the Religion of Ancient Iran

32 booksFrench, English, Persian

Illustrations

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12 images extracted from 5 books

A detailed engraving depicting a man in 17th-century attire standing in a library or study, holding a book.

This refined engraving presents a scholar in his study, surrounded by the tools of his intellectual trade. The portrait captures the gravity and prestige associated with early modern authorship, serving as a visual testament to the subject's erudition.

portrait
A detailed engraving depicting a man in 17th-century attire standing in a library, holding a book and gesturing toward a globe.

This refined engraving captures a scholar in his study, surrounded by the tools of intellectual inquiry, including a terrestrial globe and volumes of knowledge. The composition emphasizes the Renaissance ideal of the 'universal man,' whose mastery of geography and literature reflects the era's expanding horizons.

portrait
An ex-libris (bookplate) for W. F. Wislicenus featuring a hand holding a torch against a starry night sky, framed by thorny branches and roses.

This intricate bookplate for W. F. Wislicenus features a hand raising a flaming torch into a starry night sky, symbolizing the light of knowledge and reason. The central scene is enclosed within a decorative border of intertwined thorny branches and blooming roses, characteristic of the Jugendstil aesthetic. The design elegantly combines personal identification with allegorical motifs of enlightenment and intellectual pursuit.

emblem
A colored hermetic emblem featuring a pelican in its piety above a shield with three roses, surrounded by the text 'PHILOSOPHIA HERMETICA'.

This hand-colored emblem represents 'Philosophia Hermetica' (Hermetic Philosophy). It depicts a pelican in its piety, a symbol of self-sacrifice and transformation, positioned above a shield with three roses, reflecting the alchemical and Rosicrucian themes prevalent in 18th-century esoteric literature.

emblem
A detailed engraving depicting a man in 17th-century attire standing in a library, holding a book and gesturing toward a globe.

This refined engraving captures a scholar in his study, surrounded by the tools of intellectual inquiry, including a terrestrial globe and volumes of knowledge. The composition emphasizes the humanist ideal of the active, learned life, serving as a testament to the era's reverence for global exploration and scientific discovery.

portrait
Portrait of Shams-ul-Ulama Dastur Peshotanji Behramji Sanjana, the Parsee Highpriest of Bombay.

This formal portrait depicts Shams-ul-Ulama Dastur Peshotanji Behramji Sanjana, a distinguished scholar and the High Priest of the Parsee community in Bombay during the late 19th century. He is shown in traditional priestly vestments, including a white robe and turban, reflecting his high religious status and the cultural heritage of the Zoroastrian community in India.

portrait
A detailed engraving depicting a man in 17th-century attire standing in a library, holding a book and gesturing toward a globe.

This refined portrait depicts a scholar surrounded by the tools of his trade, emphasizing the importance of geography and literature in the early modern intellectual tradition. The inclusion of the terrestrial globe suggests a global perspective, characteristic of the era's burgeoning scientific curiosity.

portrait
Portrait of Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, First Baronet, in traditional Parsi attire.

This portrait depicts Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy (1783–1859), a prominent Parsi merchant and philanthropist who was the first Indian to receive a baronetcy. He is shown wearing a traditional Parsi pagri and a medal, signifying his high social standing and his pivotal role in supporting the publication of Zoroastrian religious texts like the Dinkard.

portrait
Portrait of Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, First Baronet

This portrait depicts Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, the first Indian baronet and a renowned Parsi philanthropist. He is shown in traditional Parsi dress, including the distinctive pheta hat, reflecting his cultural heritage and high social standing in 19th-century India.

portrait
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In 1771, Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron published the first European translation of the Zend-Avesta — the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism, the religion of ancient Iran. It was a landmark in the history of scholarship: a French orientalist had traveled to Surat, studied with Parsi priests, and returned with texts that revealed an entire theological system unknown to Europe. The Avesta contains hymns (Yashts) to divine beings including Mithra, Anahita, and the supreme Ahura Mazda; liturgical texts (Yasna) including the ancient Gathas attributed to Zarathustra himself; and the Vendidad, a code of ritual purity and cosmic law. This collection gathers the major European editions that made these texts accessible: Anquetil-Duperron's pioneering 1771 Zend-Avesta, Friedrich Spiegel's critical German edition (1853), Karl Friedrich Geldner's Avesta (1896) — still the scholarly standard — and James Darmesteter's English and French translations in the Sacred Books of the East series and his own expanded three-volume Traduction nouvelle.

Alongside the Avesta proper, the collection includes the Bundahishn, a Pahlavi (Middle Persian) text preserving Zoroastrian cosmogony — the creation of the world, the cosmic battle between good and evil, and the role of the yazatas (divine beings) in sustaining the universe. Westergaard's 1851 Latin-Pahlavi edition was the first European scholarly treatment. Eugène Burnouf's Commentaire sur le Yaçna (1833) established Avestan philology as a discipline, applying comparative Indo-European linguistics to decode the sacred language. Johannes Hertel's Die Sonne und Mithra im Awesta traces the solar theology underlying the Avestan hymns. Together these texts document a religious tradition that profoundly shaped Judaism, Christianity, and Islam through its concepts of cosmic dualism, angels, resurrection, final judgment, and a savior figure — ideas that entered the wider world during the Persian Empire's long contact with the Mediterranean civilizations.

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